An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Yale J Biol Med. Int J Radiat Biol. J Med Food. Brain Res Rev. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Int J Radiat Biol. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. California Privacy Statement, It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Verma et al. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. J Neurosci. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus 2000;11:4135. 2010;3:4650. Effect of mobile-phone radiation on Human health - SlideShare Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. 2014;90:2935. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. 2005;360:6577. Electromagn Biol Med. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Othman et al. 2006;79:13140. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Google Scholar. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Google Scholar. 2002;57:2702. Article 2009;72:20514. Behav Brain Res. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. By using this website, you agree to our Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. 1996;93:46938. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. 2005;1042:1018. Trends Neurosci. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Bioelectromagnetics. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. J Natl Cancer Inst. Clin Neurophysiol. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. 1975;148:1723. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Article Int J Radiat Biol. Xiong et al. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. J Neuro-Oncol. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged World J Biol Chem. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. 2008;29:52738. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Koch C, Zador A. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Neurosci Lett. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. 1984;11:4760. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. 2003;41:26887. 2013;17:711. CAS 1 GHz and 300 GHz. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. PubMed A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Bioelectromagnetics. Behav Brain Res. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Cell Biochem Biophys. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Trends Cell Biol. Bioelectromagnetics. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;27:16471. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. Mol Brain Res. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Electromagn Biol Med. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Im HI, Kenny PJ. 2008;49:16370. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Cosquer et al. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. PubMed Central 2015;140:23646. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 1994;15:95104. Toxicol Sci. Bioelectromagnetics. Brain Res. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Interphone study group. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Neuroreport. Terms and Conditions, Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Zhang et al. Neurol Sci. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. 1996;180:917. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Motawi et al. Google Scholar. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Google Scholar. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. 2012;31:25074. Int J Radiat Biol. 2013;89:11007. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Bioelectromagnetics. Biomed Environ Sci. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Springer Nature. Xu et al. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Zhao et al. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. 2000;284:30017. Mol Neurobiol. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. 1990;39:13543. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. 2011;31:2293301. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Chin J Indus Hyg. 2009;63:10106. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. The effects are usually . 2013;23:306. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Nat Med. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. PubMed 2007;34:146779. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health Synapse. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Article Mortazavi et al. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. PubMed [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Gene. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. daily life. Bioelectromagnetics. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. 2007;96:218196. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Rev Environ Health. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. 2014;8:63. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. 1988;9:33745. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans.