| Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). And, After All, the Philippines are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. Emil Flohri,Judge, ca. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. Freedom and Peace for all Time. ca. Photograph. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? Think It Over. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). . color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of From road troubles to the political plight, those who brave this journey will leave the continent a true child of the soil. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . Source:Library of Congress. to our monthly Newsletter to learn and link to the content of each issue. Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. title not id. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. This special issue of LAssiette au Beurre drew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. Source:Library of Congress. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. Their diverse identities, however, reflect the global reach and ethnic diversity of the British empireand the extent to which England relied on colonial subjects to fight its imperialist wars. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. Lucky Filipinos.Life, May 3, 1900. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. Long May It Wave. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. 730-735 (2008). [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. Illustrated by A. D. McCormick, with fold-out color map. The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. Esherick, Joseph. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. Who, they asked, was the real barbarian? In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. Source:The Weimar Classics Foundation. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. Wilhelm points ahead, where the inhabitants flee. The distance from Capetown to Cairo, as the crow flies, is about 4200 miles. Kipling offered moral justification for the bloody war the U.S. was fighting to suppress the independent Philippine regime following Spanish rule. As the Heathen See Us A Meeting of the Chinese Foreign Missions Society. John S. Pughe,Puck, November 21, 1900. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. Prisoners will not be taken! https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. It was planned as a link between Cape Town in South Africa and Port Said in Egypt. 6 reviews. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. - Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. 8, Issue 4, pp. Caricature published in the newspaper Punch, 10 December 1892 Imprint: [ca. He has a somewhat serious but proud expression on his face, as though his is flaunting the land. Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to save the heathen by showing how the Chinese might view the foreign devils in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization. J. Ottman Lithographic Company, Printer, and Udo J Keppler. In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. The artists of both "Conquest and Competition" (Visual . N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. An iron railing through which an electric current runs is the healthiest and safest of fences. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. 11 [-21]. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July 1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops Stortford, England. Explain the Sepoy rebellion and the reaction to this rebellion as detailed in the cartoon. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. Citing Primary Sources. continuous line of British territories from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. Is the item digitized? Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them. Here, the United States has ingested Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. 3, pp. | The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. George Benjamin Luts,The Verdict, August 21, 1899. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Duplication Services Web site. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Course Materials, Requirements, and Grading, https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. Daggett, Aaron Simon. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. 12/29/2010, Contact Information | Rights & Permissions, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the ), yesterday we took important commandos. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? The following year, Life cartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. The cartoon links might with right, as the cannon is pushed and dragged forward by clergy identified by their headgear: skullcap, biretta, clerical hat, top hat, and distinctive English-style shovel hat. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Keppler rendered this as Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices, with Columbia, Britannia, and a geisha-like Japan at the center of the scene. The U.S. follows Britains imperial lead carrying people from Barbarism at the base of the hill to Civilization at its summit. From the Cape to Cairo. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . (1902) From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. From Cape to Cairo by Bike | Free Documentary Nature Free Documentary - Nature 1.31M subscribers Subscribe 28K Share 3.3M views 1 year ago #FreeDocumentaryNature #Africa #Documentary From. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of the Visualizing Cultures project at M.I.T. The argument follows Englands example, as spelled out on the blackboard, that By not waiting for their consent, she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. An African-American washes windows. The book on the desk reads: U.S. Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900, view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). Vignette-style graphics placed an array of smaller scenes around the central image. What historical event or imperialist practice is this cartoon referencing? Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. Recommended citation: Ellen Sebring, Civilization & Barbarism: Cartoon Commentary & The White Mans Burden (18981902), Volume 13, Issue 27, No. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. Hurst and Blackett. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. - Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, ppmsca 25696 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.25696. If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. As the U.S. moved into the Pacific, Chinas millions represented an enticing new market, but the eruption of the anti-Christian, anti-foreign Boxer movement threatened the civilizing mission there. Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. Title from item. | Print shows John Bull reclining on luggage labeled "J.B." and boxes of "War Supplies" and "Commissary Supplies" at the "Hotel Egypt" where an Egyptian man is hanging 1 print : chromolithograph. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. - Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. Good Will to Nobody., The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue of McClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. Misery Loves Company;but they hope soon to be out of it. Louis Dalrymple, Puck, March 20, 1901. In the rest of the continent, the Belgians brutally dealt with uprisings in the Congo; and the German government gobbled up what practically was the last "free" land for colonials in southwest Africa. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Thomas Theodor Heine. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? Written by the French Africanist and . The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. Vol. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. "Major Grogan's Financial Analysis," EAS (6 August 1926), 1, 5, 7-8. Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinleys 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. The satirical weekly, Simplicissimus, flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in 3, pp. The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. First created by the Frenkel brothers in 1935, who, despite their limited . https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. The caption, "From the Cape to Cairo. Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine C Theodore Roosevelt critiques a chapter of Elbert F. Baldwin's book, The World War: How it Looks t A bruised John Bull offers a "Tonic" of "Financial Help" and "Liberal Treatment" to an injured and Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. Although these magazines were affiliated with different political partiesthe Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies. A poster headlined A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for all Time, probably also dating from 1898, celebrated the rapprochement between the United States and Great Britain with particularly dense detail. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. Maine exploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. The anti-imperialist Life magazine was similarly attuned to the hypocrisy of cloaking military violence in pious rhetoric. On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Silence). If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. 83-108 (2006). The Real Trouble Will Come with the LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. Skulls dot the landscape ahead in Lifes grim rendering. Vuitton Travel & Luxury Lifestyle curates the Great North Road tour, a 22-day trek starting in Cape Town, taking guests from one natural and historic wonder to the next, and ending up in Cairo . While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - The caption applies the motto united we stand to the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood spreading Western civilization abroad. color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) (detail). White man's burden--1900-1910, - The angel of peace and caption suggest that their joint strength will bring about world peace. In this activity, you will first analyze political cartoons about imperialism, and then create your own anti-imperialist cartoon. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. On the left, Minerva, goddess of wisdom and Western civilization, witnesses the debut. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). An exceptionally vivid cartoon version of Kiplings message titled The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) was published in Judge on April 1, 1899. Rhodesia Railways. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. All this for politicsis civilization advancing? Victor Gillam,Judge, February 3, 1900. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. Although the completion of a railroad spanning the length of Africa was looking less likely, segments of the Cape-to-Cairo Railroad were becoming increasingly important to Rhodesia's economic development. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. White man's burden--1900-1910, - ***, Topic: History 125 Virtual Edition N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. [1] [2] The project was never completed. Co., Puck Bldg. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. Beginning in 1896, the British carried out military expeditions in Sudan in order to reassert control over the Upper Nile region. Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. Her breakthrough was in 1998 with the first episodes of the animated television series (Bakkar) by Cairo Cartoon. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. When rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." From the Cape to Cairo Collection: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Description: Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. View Rhodes_cartoon_analysis+FINAL.docx from HIS 123 at Duval Charter School at Baymeadows. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. Model students Hawaii and Porto Rico appear as docile girls learning their lessons. Co., Puck Bldg. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our The influx of cheap Western goods eroded generations-long trading patterns, while telegraph and railroad lines were constructed in violation of superstitions, eliciting deep resentment among Chinese. Several of these graphics from Puck commented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). Weekly: https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. Whom or what did you include or leave out of the image?
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