He is currently Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at University College London. OKeeffe and Nadel published their ground-breaking work in 1978 in their landmark book, The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. Csikszentmihlyi was born in 1934 in Fiume (now Rijeka) in what was then the Kingdom of Italy and is now the Republic of Croatia. (An affordance is an objectively existing feature of an organisms environment that is however co-constructed by structural features of the environment and the organisms own functional capacities; thus, a tree limb exists objectively, but only affords an opportunity for grasping for a creature, like a monkey, capable of using it for that purpose.) He received his bachelors degree in physics in 1957 and his masters degree in psychology in 1959, both from the University of Washington. He is currently the Brooks and Suzanne Ragen Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science at Yale University. It should also be noted that philosopher Hannah Arendts thesis of the banality of evil[14] and psychologist Stanley Milgrams experiments on obedience to authority[15] both corroborate Zimbardos results. In more recent years, he has been involved in the development of intelligent tutoring systems. Albert Bandura Age: 97 Birthplace: Mundare, Canada Albert Bandura (; born December 4, 1925) is a Canadian-American psychologist who is the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. From her right flank, as it were, some critics have claimed that her work lacks sufficient empirical support; while from her left flank, she has been charged with essentialism and giving aid and comfort to the patriarchy. She received her bachelors degree in psychology and philosophy in 1975 from McGill University, and her doctorate in experimental psychology in 1980 from Oxford University. Description: Too many faves & can't decide? In 1977, the American pathologist and psychiatrist George Engel (1913-1999) published in the Journal Science his paper "TheIn 1977, the American pathologist and psychiatrist George Engel (1913-1999) published in the Journal Science his paper "Theneed for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedic Sternberg was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1949. He also taught social anthropology at Cambridge. Throughout his career, Nadel has worked on the neural underpinnings of memory, though he has also branched out into other fields, such as the neurobiology and treatment of Down Syndrome. In philosophy, the first issues is how to approach what is known as the "mind-body problem," namely the explanation of the relationship, if any, that obtains between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. The IASL positions itself at the crossroads of the sub-fields of social psychology, psychophysiology, cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and neuroscience, while also drawing inspiration from such humanistic fields as ethnology and philosophy. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1976 from McGill University, and his Ph.D. in experimental psychology in 1979 from Harvard University, where he studied under Stephen Kosslyn. The recipient of countless awards, grants, and other honors, he was elected a Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1963, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968. This view, that psychological processes have biological (or physiological) correlates, is the basic assumption of the whole field of biological psychology. Sigmund Freud - Freud is perhaps the most well-known psychologist in history. William James (1842-1910) (1872-1907) at Harvard Estabished Harvard's Psychology Department William James, philosopher and psychologist, was instrumental in establishing Harvard's psychology department, which at its inception was tied to the department of philosophy. Damon was born in Brockton, Massachusetts, in 1944. She received her bachelors degree in philosophy from Reed College, and her Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from Harvard University. He writes that, albeit with the best of intentions, the relentless focus on self-esteem and so-called child-centered classrooms and child-rearing practices not only reflect a theoretical misunderstanding of childrens real needs, but have been disastrous in practice. While Gardners theory of multiple intelligences has been broadly influential at a professional level, as well as wildly popular at a commercial level, it has not been without its critics. These elements are radical acceptance of oneself and ones present reality, and mindfulness of each passing moment. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Mischel is most closely associated with the claim, originally made in his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, that personality traits are highly context-dependent, and that the notion there is a stable personality which manifests uniformly over time and across varied social contexts, as previously believed, is a myth. The roots of biopsychology began when Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection during his global travels. Nadel was born in New York City in 1942. We adapt very quickly to either." -Daniel Gilbert. She has also published a number of articles and books of a pedagogical nature in both languages. This idea has important clinical implications, since according to the theory an episodic memory deficit may be due to damage either to the original memory trace or to the retrieval mechanism. (Estonia was absorbed into the USSR in 1940, and the second Republic was established in 1991; however, Tulvings birthplace, now known as Pechory, presently lies just across the border inside Russia.) London: Hogarth Press, 1980. More specifically, Damon has been critical of changes in the conventional wisdom regarding child-rearing in our society over the past couple of generations. She received her bachelors degree in psychology from the University of Toronto, and her Ph.D. in clinical psychology at the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo, Ontario. Shepard was born in Palo Alto, California, in 1929. He emigrated to the US in 1956, at the age of 22. He explored the personality and human psyche as it relates to the id, the ego and the superego. Ariely was born in New York City in 1967 to an Israeli family living there temporarily. In 1940, on the eve of World War II, Rutter was sent to the US, where he attended the Moorestown Friends School in New Jersey. Carefully designed behavioral experiments and innovative biomedical techniques have been essential to its progress. She is currently Professor of Humanities and Applied Psychology in the Department of Psychology at New York University-Steinhardt, as well as University Professor in NYUs School of Law. Biological psychology as a scientific discipline later emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. One of his major contributions has involved modeling prediction in relation to audition. Lewis originally intended to become a doctor, but never received his medical degree. Posner was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1936. This was a highly significant observation for at least two reasons: first, it provided a kind of empirical confirmation that Bayesian networks really do capture something important about scientific reasoning; and, second, it powerfully demonstrated that babies are already capable of employing far more sophisticated methods of discovery than one might have imagined absent such evidence. He is currently Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. On the contrary, Diener has found that many people do not bounce back from devastating life events, and never return to their previous level of subjective well-being. A psychobiologist or biopsychologist may compare the imprinting behavior in goslings to the early attachment behavior in human infants and construct theory around these two phenomena. Bandura is the author or co-author of around 350 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. He obtained his masters degree in psychology in 1955 and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1959, both from Yale University. Later, Goleman worked primarily as a literary journalist and freelance writer. Gardner was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1943. It also affects a number of mental abilities and some aspects of personality. Pargament was born in Washington, DC, in 1950. Leibniz believed that mind and body are separate but that their activities directly parallel each other. Schrger was born in Munich, Germany, in 1958. Her findings are quite general and apply to hierarchical organizations of all sorts; for example, her work has elucidated ways in which physician-patient communication may influence clinical outcomes. In later work, Meltzoff turned his attention to a number of other topics, such as autism, empathy, intention, the infants theory of mind (its ability to understand other peoples intentions), and the neural mechanisms underpinning gaze-following and imitation. "Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. He received his bachelors degree in psychology summa cum laude in 1972 from Yale University (where he studied with Endel Tulving), and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1975 from Stanford University (where Gordon Bower was his advisor). Though Banduras work has been primarily oriented toward social psychology, he has had no hesitation in borrowing ideas from other fields-and repaying ideas to them with interest. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1951 from New York University, his masters degree in clinical psychology in 1953 from the College of the City of New York, and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1956 from Ohio State University. In a nutshell, his main finding is that the objective aspect of peoples lives most strongly correlated with subjective well-being is social ties. Cosmides was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1957. Zimbardo is the author or co-author of well over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. Busss particular contribution to this discourse has been a theory of sexual competition and selection to explain well-known features of human sexuality. Gergen began his career in an unconventional way- researching such questions as the disunity of the self and the negative impact of altruistic acts on their recipientsthen veered ever deeper into terrain usually associated more closely with philosophy than with psychology. The distinguishing characteristic of a biological psychology experiment is that either the independent variable of the experiment is biological, or some dependent variable is biological. Baddeleys work has focused on memory-its structure (working memory, episodic memory, long-term memory) and the neural correlates of these components. Freud's psychoanalysis is both a theory and therapy. As a result of his decades of research on infants, Meltzoff stresses the importance of infant imitation for laying the proper foundations for the normal development of our very humanity: They have a hand, you have a hand and they recognize the similarity and thats the initial bridge between self and other that gives rise, when theyre older, to a feeling of empathy for others and caring for others.[7]. Experiment Details: Jane Elliott's famous experiment was inspired by the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the inspirational life that he led. 6. In the dualism of French philosopher Ren Descartes, both the mind and the soul are spiritual entities existing separately from the mechanical operations of the human body. However, it was her study of the meditative practices of Zen Buddhismwhich she sees as sharing many features with Christian prayerthat led her to focus on the specific approach for which she has become world-famous, and which she came to call dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). In addition, she is a Fellow of the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and was the Founding Director of the Center for Psychology and Law, both at UC-Irvine. Csikszentmihlyi popularized this idea in his 1990 best-seller, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Beginning in the 1970s, she conducted a series of experiments designed to reveal the stability of memory of recent events in the light of contradictory information given to the subject after the fact. Kahneman is chiefly known for founding (together with his long-time collaborator, Amos Tversky, who died in 1996) the academic discipline now known as behavioral economics. Just like behaviorism, the theory was developed in 1950s partly due to the weaknesses pointed out on behavioral psychology. Fahrenberg was born in Berlin in 1937. Baddeley was born in Leeds, in the UK, in 1934. Buss is the author or co-author of more than 200 peer-reviewed journal articles, and the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. Although animal models for all mental illnesses do not exist, the field has contributed important therapeutic data on a variety of conditions, including: In the past, physiological psychologists received much of their their training in psychology departments in major universities. Also considered are physical factors that directly affect the nervous system, including heredity, metabolism, hormones, disease, drug ingestion, and diet. In line with the well-known work of Noam Chomsky, Pinker further argued that the capacity for language is instinctive with respect to deep grammatical structure (universal grammar), and that experience merely shapes this instinctive behavior into the specific forms (surface grammar and lexicon) of a particular language. It must be said, too, that while many educators pay lip service to the theory, they have been slow putting it into practice in an everyday classroom setting. Alternate titles: physiological psychology. In his most recent work, Kagan has written several books for a popular audience with the aim of pushing back against the tidal wave of materialist reductionism (the idea that the mind is nothing but the brain) in psychology and the wider culture. Its focus is the function of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in activities (e.g., thinking, learning, feeling, sensing, and perceiving) recognized as characteristic of humans and other animals. A number of observers have pointed out that there is very little empirical support for the theory. One set of experimental methods involves disabling or decreasing neural function. Through careful laboratory experiments aimed at comparing the abilities of young chimpanzees and young children of various ages engaged in similar cognitive tasks, he has been able to establish a wide array of reliable similarities and differences in the mental development of each species. focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Omissions? In the last two centuries, biopsychology has found new ways to answer old questions, has tackled important new questions, and has abandoned some problems as poorly defined. On the other hand, Thomas Willis stipulated that the structure of the brain influences the behavior . He obtained his Ph.D. in psychology in 1962 from the University of Michigan. [12] Rutter found that Bowlbys thesis-maternal deprivation lies at the root of most developmental pathology and subsequent personality disorderwas at best oversimplified. Schmid Masts research has centered on how individuals in dominance hierarchies interact with one other, both how they perceive their social interaction partners-above them, below them, and on the same hierarchical level with themand how they communicate, both verbally and non-verbally. However, Diener found that, all other factors being equal, extraverts still tend to be happier than introverts, leading to the hypothesis that the extraverted personality type is inherently more rewarding, fostering happiness that leads to gregarious behavior, not the other way around. He received his bachelors degree in 1957 from Yale University, and his Ph.D. in 1962 from Duke University. She is the author or co-author of some 90 peer-reviewed journal articles and chapters of edited volumes, as well as the co-editor of an influential early work in the field, The Adapted Mind, among other volumes. view) that involves certain assumptions (i.e. Bandura began teaching at Stanford in 1953. As Cosmides has put it: Evolutionary psychology weaves together cognitive science, human evolution, hunter gatherer studies, neuroscience, psychology and evolutionary biology, in an attempt to understand and map the human mind and brain.[1]. He was among the pioneering cohort of psychologists who rejected the then-reigning theory of behaviorism, which programmatically ignored the mental mediation of behavior. He received his bachelors degree magna cum laude from Amherst College, and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology and personality development from Harvard University. Johnson, Wendy, Eric Turkheimer, Irving I. Gottesman, and Thomas J. Bouchard Jr. 2009. Dualism is a family of views about the relationship between mind and physical matter. In particular, she noted early in her career that the mathematical models she was attempting to develop to represent the way infants learn to interact successfully with the world around them were formally similar to Bayesian networks, an application of graph theory to the theory of probability that had been independently developed by philosophers of science to try to understand the way science works, especially in the form of non-deductive logical inference (induction and inference to the best explanation). He then makes the more controversial claim that emotional intelligence-the ability to understand ones own and other peoples emotional states in any given situationis equally if not more important than IQ as a predictor of success and happiness, not only in ones interpersonal relations, but also in academic and professional contexts. Sternberg is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). Antagonists can be delivered systemically (such as by intravenous injection) or locally (intracebrally) during a surgical procedure. He is currently Co-Director of the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, sponsored by Rutgers University, and Board Member Emeritus of the Mind and Life Institute. Asch, Solomon - Conformity Experiment. Soon, however, she felt that another component was needed-religious faith. She is the recipient of numerous honors, including election (in 1995) as Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) and appointment as the APAs 1998 G. Stanley Hall Lecturer. The extravagant antlers of the extinct Irish elk are often cited as a case in point. Simply put, affective forecasting is the calculation we all make all the time, consciously or subconsciously, when faced with any decision-generally speaking, we choose the option or the course of action that we believe will lead to the greatest increase in our overall happiness. She is currently Distinguished Professor of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine, where she also holds appointments as Professor of Cognitive Science and Professor of Law. The focus of study of physiological psychology is the neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of nonhuman animal subjects in controlled experiments. Many of his books have appeared in multiple foreign editions, including one (Authentic Happiness) in more than 40 languages! Criminologists look at the causes, consequences, and control of criminal acts, and by considering both the individual, and wider societal influences, seek to find ways to prevent crime. Diener was born in Glendale, California, in 1946. The list comprises individuals in approximately equal numbers from each of the five following sub-disciplines: The overall list is in alphabetical order. By explaining her findings regarding the ease with which false memories can be implanted in peoples mindsand childrens most of allby authority figures, Loftus played a key role in securing justice for those wrongfully accused in such cases, and in bringing this troubling episode of mass hysteria to a close.
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